#!/bin/python

import sys

def __sigma_xor(start_basecamp, destination):
    if start_basecamp > destination:
        return 0

    if start_basecamp == destination:
        return start_basecamp

    value = start_basecamp
    result = start_basecamp
    for val in range(start_basecamp+1, destination+1):
        value = value ^ val
        result = result ^ value

    return result


def question(L, R):
    first_basecamp = (L // 8) * 8
    next_basecamp = first_basecamp + 8

    if next_basecamp >= R:
        result = __sigma_xor(first_basecamp, L-1) ^ __sigma_xor(first_basecamp, R)
        return result

    result = __sigma_xor(first_basecamp, L-1) ^ __sigma_xor(first_basecamp, next_basecamp-1)

    last_basecamp = (R // 8) * 8

    result = result ^ __sigma_xor(last_basecamp, R)
    return result

Q = int(input().strip())
for a0 in range(Q):
    L,R = input().strip().split(' ')
    L,R = [int(L),int(R)]
    print(question(L,R))

#!/bin/python

import sys

def f(n):
    r = (n % 8) / 2
    if r == 0:
        return n
    elif r == 1:
        return 2
    elif r == 2:
        return n + 2
    else:
        return 0

Q = int(raw_input().strip())
for a0 in xrange(Q):
    L,R = raw_input().strip().split(' ')
    L,R = [long(L), long(R)]
    print f(R) ^ f(L - 1)